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Bombus bohemicus
''Bombus bohemicus'', also known as the Gypsy’s Cuckoo Bumblebee, is a species of socially parasitic cuckoo bumblebee found in most of Europe and the United Kingdom with exception of the southern Iberian Peninsula and Iceland. ''B. bohemicus'' practices inquilinism, or brood parasitism, of other bumblebee species. ''B. bohemicus'' is a generalist parasite, successfully invading several species from genus ''Bombus''. The invading queen mimics the host nest’s chemical signals, allowing her to assume a reproductively dominant role as well as manipulation of host worker fertility and behavior.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''B. bohemicus'' is part of the order Hymenoptera, which includes ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies, the family ''Apidae'', specific to bees, and the genus ''Bombus'', which includes all bumblebees. ''B. bohemicus'' belongs to the subgenus ''Psithyrus'', or the Cuckoo bees, which includes 29 species found in Europe and the New World. Species in this subgenus are obligate parasites, meaning that they can no longer successfully reproduce or even survive long independently of their hosts, because the females have lost their pollen-collecting corbiculae〔〔 and their ability to rear their own brood. Cuckoo bees have also entirely eliminated the worker class, producing only reproductive males and females〔. This form of parasitism is known as inquilinism.
''Psithyrus'' was historically considered a separate genus from ''Bombus'' due to the significant biological and morphological differences associated with its parasitic life cycle.〔 However, the majority of phylogenetic research in the last few decades has supported the recent conclusion that ''Psithyrus'' is a monophyletic group within ''Bombus''.〔 Morphology and phylogenetic analysis supports a close relationship with ''B. ashtoni'' from North America, suggesting a recent speciation event, or even that these bee species actually represent geographically separated populations of the same species.〔 In Europe, they are often confused with ''Bombus vestalis'', since both are parasitic and are found in the same region. ''B. bohemicus'' can hence be identified by its more intense colors and the fact that it is a generalist when choosing its host.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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